The Evolution of Spatial Computing in Spine Surgery: Tracing the Historical Arc to Present Day Implementation.

Publication Type	Review
Authors	Elsayed G, Dykhouse G, Ikwuegbuenyi C, Willett N, Hussain I, Hamad M, Kashlan O, Härtl R
Journal	World Neurosurg
Volume	204
Pagination	124514
Date Published	12/01/2025
ISSN	1878-8769
Keywords	Neurosurgical Procedures, Spine, Surgery, Computer-Assisted, Robotic Surgical Procedures, Spinal Diseases
Abstract	The evolution of spatial computing in spine surgery represents a significant advancement in surgical precision, patient care, and education. From the early days of stereotactic frames and rudimentary imaging techniques to the sophisticated integration of augmented reality, virtual reality, robotics, and artificial intelligence, spatial computing has fundamentally transformed spinal surgery. This article traces the historical development of these technologies, highlighting key milestones and implementation in modern surgical practices. Intraoperative imaging modalities and robotic platforms have enhanced surgical accuracy and reduced complications. Moreover, artificial intelligence-driven preoperative planning tools and virtual reality-based simulations have refined surgical techniques, marking a paradigm shift toward safer and more precise procedures. The continuous integration of these spatial computing technologies underscores the ongoing evolution of spine surgery, promising further advancements in patient outcomes and surgical education.
DOI	10.1016/j.wneu.2025.124514
PubMed ID	41407475